Volkswagen AG's new electric car ID.3 unveiled in Frankfurt on September 9 Photo: VCG

Volkswagen (VW) is ramping up production of electric vehicles (EVs) to about 1 million annually by the end of 2022, according to manufacturing plans seen by Reuters, enabling the German carmaker to leapfrog Tesla Inc and making China the key battleground.

VW is readying two Chinese factories to build EVs next year. The Chinese plants will have a production capacity of 600,000 vehicles, said VWs plans, which have not been previously reported - revealing VW's ability to industrialize production faster than other pioneers in the EV market.

Tesla is still trying to reach its goal of making more than 500,000 cars a year by building a new factory in Shanghai, while VW can rely on an established workforce in two of its plants in Anting, Shanghai, and Foshan, South China's Guangdong Province to build zero-emission cars.

The scale and speed of VW's electrification push marks a shift in favor of established manufacturers that can use existing factories and profit from internal-combustion sport utility vehicles (SUVs) to scale up faster than start-ups.

"The truth is that barriers to entry in autos remain high," said Max Warburton, an analyst at Bernstein Research. "Making cars is hard. The move to electric vehicles will be expensive, but it will probably be led by traditional manufacturers."

VW is leveraging its large infrastructure of suppliers, factories and workers, long a handicap to its profitability, more aggressively than rivals BMW, Renault SA, General Motors Co and Tesla, which were all quicker to sell a custom-designed electric car.

Rather than adjusting production gradually, and using multi-powertrain platforms, VW is making a massive bet on a dedicated electric vehicle architecture, known as MEB, in the hope of increasing economies of scale sufficiently to push down the price of EVs to about 20,000 euros ($22,262).

The Germany-based carmaker is retooling eight plants across the globe by 2022 to specialize in manufacturing electric cars, and license its electric MEB platform to rivals, senior VW executives said, putting it on track to become the world's largest maker of zero-emission vehicles.

Tesla has emerged as a serious competitor with a credible car, its Model 3, VW Chief Executive Herbert Diess said. But start-ups have a hard time entering mass production without sufficient production facilities, he said. "The question is, can you expand your production quickly enough? The capital intensity is increasing." 

To fund its own electrification shift, the German carmaker aims to increase sales of VW's SUVs, with combustion engines, to 40 percent of overall sales by 2020 from 23 percent in 2018.  

The powerstation that supplies energy for VW's flagship e-vehicle factory in Zwickau, Germany was built to power production of the combustion-engine Golf.

Now Zwickau can piggyback off this infrastructure to ramp up production to 330,000 VW ID electric cars by 2021.

Volkswagen Group will increase economies of scale by rolling out EV platforms to its Audi, Skoda and Seat and Porsche brands.

Volkswagen Group will be in a position to build 22 million EVs by 2028, of which 11.6 million could come out of Chinese factories, VW said.

Production pain

VW's expansion push comes as investors have started to question businesses delivering growth without real profit, a change in sentiment that is crippling the ability of several EV pioneers to raise more cash.

In 2016, Tesla said it wanted to build more than 500,000 Model 3 cars by 2018, a goal it has failed to meet. This year it expects to deliver 360,000 to 400,000 cars, a target that includes selling all models.

Tesla's struggles have dampened optimism about how easy it is to enter the car business, making it harder for China's NIO, backed by internet company Tencent, as well as others like Faraday Future and Byton, to fund the next stage of growth: capital-intensive volume production and sales.

VW is converting two German plants, Hanover and Zwickau, to build EVs and will retool other factories including plants in China: Foshan, which VW runs together with its joint-venture partner FAW-Volkswagen, and another in Anting, which VW runs together with SAIC.

It will retool plants in Emden and Dresden in Germany, Mlada Boleslav in the Czech Republic, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the US as part of a 30 billion-euro ($33.24 billion) investment push into e-mobility by 2023.

As a result, Volkswagen Group will be the No.1 EV producer globally by 2025, while Tesla is likely to remain a niche player, according to UBS auto analyst Patrick Hummel.

Technology interlopers

The cutthroat rivalry between automakers and software companies started when Alphabet Inc's Google presented a prototype autonomous vehicle in 2012, a move that led analysts and industry executives to fear a so-called Nokia moment. This occurs when a new player unveils a superior design, in the way that Apple Inc presented the iPhone in 2007, ending Nokia's dominance of the mobile handset business.

Today, Tesla's cars are generally perceived as cutting-edge and potentially more sophisticated than VW's. Volkswagen's ID.3, which starts production this year, has an operating range of 330 to 550 kilometers, below the 560-km long-range Model 3 version offered by Tesla.

That is because Tesla has a sophisticated software algorithm to control how much electricity goes to the motor, air conditioning, seat heaters, in-car infotainment and cooling system.

Volkswagen's edge is more blunt: price and massive economies of scale.

The ID.3 has a starting price of less than 30,000 euros in Germany. By contrast, Tesla's Model 3 had an average selling price of $50,000 in the second quarter. 

The VW vehicle's lower price comes from the carmaker's ability to place large orders that help drive down the price. VW is investing 50 billion euros to buy battery cells and will also license its MEB electric car platform to rival carmakers to further increase economies of scale.

VW will make that huge investment if suppliers can keep up.

"There is a lot of investment," Stefan Sommer, Volkswagen Group's board member responsible for procurement, told Reuters last month. "But even the big companies like Samsung, CATL, LG Chem, the big guys, SK, they hesitate to take so much money and invest because they are not seeing the market on the other side."

"We are now seeing the first battery plants, LG in Poland, CATL in Germany ... they don't have the skilled workforce. That will be the bottleneck," Sommer said. "It's a learning curve everybody has to work through. This will cause some lags in supply. We have no other choice."

VW plans to license its electric MEB vehicle platform to rival Ford Motor Co, which will give VW $10 billion in revenue over the next six years.

In the short term, VW and its Chinese joint venture partners will invest 15 billion euros to produce 15 different EVs for China alone by 2025.

"The first MEB-based vehicle is an SUV model," Volkswagen said about its China push.