Taishan Mountains

Shandong is mostly flat in terrain. The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The center of the province is more mountainous, with the Taishan Mountains, Lushan Mountains, and Mengshan Mountains being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; it separates Bohai Sea in the northwest from the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The highest peak of Shandong is the highest peak in the Taishan area: Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of 1,545 m.

The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, entering the sea along Shandong's northern coast; in its traversal of Shandong it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai He watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest.

Weishan Lake is the largest lake of the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 km long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; the large Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the three bays of Bohai Sea, is found to the north, between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is found to the south, next to Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extend northwards from the northern coast of the peninsula.

Shandong has a warm-temperate monsoonal climate. It has hot summers with centralized rainfall as well as short springs and autumns with an average annual temperature ranging from 11C to 14C. The temperature diversifies more dramatic from east to west than from the south to north. With an average annual rainfall ranging from 550 mm to 950 mm, the rainfall reduces from the southeast to northwest. Shandong Province has abundant sunshine with an average ranging from 2,300 to 2,890 hours annually; the sunshine can afford the need of sowing seeds twice per year. Because 60 percent rainfall centralized in summer, it is easy to come to waterlog in summer and drought in winter and spring. It is most influential for agriculture.

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